| Shawinigan | |||
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| — City — | |||
| Ville de Shawinigan | |||
| City of Shawinigan from across the river | |||
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| Nickname(s): The City of Electricity | |||
| Motto: Age Quod Agis (Do what you are doing) | |||
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Shawinigan
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| Coordinates: | |||
| Country | Canada | ||
| Province | Quebec | ||
| Region | Mauricie | ||
| Settled | 1851 | ||
| Incorporated | 1901 (village) | ||
| Amalgamation | January 1, 2002 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Michel Angers | ||
| • Federal riding | Saint-Maurice—Champlain | ||
| • Prov. riding | Saint-Maurice, Laviolette | ||
| Area[1][2] | |||
| • City | 781.81 km2 (301.9 sq mi) | ||
| • Land | 733.27 km2 (283.1 sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 109.94 km2 (42.4 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 962.69 km2 (371.7 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2006)[2] | |||
| • City | 51,904 | ||
| • Density | 70.8/km2 (183.4/sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 49,236 | ||
| • Urban density | 447.8/km2 (1,159.8/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 56,434 | ||
| • Metro density | 58.6/km2 (151.8/sq mi) | ||
| • Language | French (98%) | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC−5) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−4) | ||
| Area code(s) | 819 | ||
| Website | www.shawinigan.ca | ||
Shawinigan is a city located on the Saint-Maurice River in the Mauricie area in Quebec, Canada. It has a population of approximately 51,904 people (2006).
Shawinigan is also a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of Quebec, coextensive with the city of Shawinigan. Its geographical code is 36. Shawinigan is the seat of the judicial district of Saint-Maurice.[3]
The name Shawinigan has had numerous spellings over time: Chaouinigane, Oshaouinigane, Assaouinigane, Achawénégan, Chawinigame, Shawenigane, Chaouénigane. It may mean "south portage", "portage of beeches", "angular portage", or "summit" or "crest".[4] Before 1958 the city was known as Shawinigan Falls.
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In 1651, the priest Buteaux was the first European known to have travelled up the Saint-Maurice River to this river's first set of great falls. Afterwards, missionairies going to the Upper Saint-Maurice would rest here.[4] Before Shawinigan Falls was established, the local economy had been largely based on lumber and agriculture.
In the late 1890s, Shawinigan Falls drew the interest of foreign entrepreneurs such as John Joyce and John Edward Aldred of the Shawinigan Water & Power Company (SW&P), and of Hubert Biermans of the Belgo Canadian Pulp & Paper Company because of its particular geographic situation. Its falls had the potential to become a favorable location for the production of hydroelectricity.[5]
In 1899, the SW&P commissioned Montreal engineering firm Pringle and Son to design a grid plan for a new industrial town on the banks of the Saint-Maurice River, providing the ground work for what would become downtown Shawinigan. [6]
In 1901, the place was incorporated as the Village Municipality of Shawinigan Falls and gained town (ville) status a year later in 1902. The hydro-electric generating station contributed to rapid economic growth and the town achieved several firsts in Canadian history: first production of aluminum (1901), carborundum (1908), cellophane pellets (1932).[4][7] Shawinigan Falls also became one of the first Canadian cities with electric street lighting.
For decades, the local pulp and paper, chemical and textile industries created thousands of jobs. The city steadily grew eastward and northward. Meanwhile on the other side of the river, Shawinigan-Sud (then Almaville) developed as a residential hub.
Shawinigan Falls also had a vibrant English-speaking community, which at times comprised more than 30% of the population. Early on, members of the French-speaking majority and the more privileged English-speaking minority settled in segregated neighbourhoods.
Local prosperity was interrupted by the Great Depression in the 1930s. Many plants were forced to temporarily reduce or stop their production, which left many residents jobless. Many families needed public assistance to survive. The City Council enacted a public works program to help families.
The promenade along the St Maurice was a make work project during the depression.
World War II put Shawinigan Falls, and many others cities in Canada, back on the path of economic recovery.
During hostilities, the windows of local power plants were painted black to prevent any possible German aerial attack.
The Shawinigan-based 81st Artillery Battery was called to active duty during World War II. Its members were trained in Ontario and the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1944 and contributed to the Allies' effort in the Normandy Landings in 1944-45, which led to the Liberation of France. [8]
In 1948, a cenotaph, known as Monument des Braves, was erected in downtown Shawinigan at the intersection of Fourth Street and Promenade du Saint-Maurice (then Riverside Street) near the Saint-Maurice River, in honour of soldiers who died during that conflict as well as World War I.
Because of its large labor population, Shawinigan became a hot bed for trade union activities. The workers of the Belgo pulp and paper plant went on strike in 1955.
In the 1952 provincial election, Shawinigan sent a Liberal member to the legislature. The gesture was largely considered an affront to anti-labour Premier Maurice Duplessis.
Duplessis responded by refusing to approve the construction of a new bridge between Shawinigan and Shawinigan-Sud. The new bridge was not built until after the Liberal Party won the 1960 election.
In the 1950s, Shawinigan Falls entered a period of decline that would last for several decades. Technological improvements made industries less dependent on Shawinigan's geographic location. Therefore, many employers would relocate to nearby larger cities or close down.
In 1958, it received city (cité) status, and its name was abbreviated to just Shawinigan.[4]
As a reaction to declining opportunities, many residents, many of whom were English-speakers, left the area. Shawinigan High School is the only remaining English-language school in the city following the closure of St. Patrick's (closed circa 1983).
In 1963, the provincial government of Jean Lesage nationalized eleven privately-owned electricity companies, including SW&P. While benefiting the population in general, the decision may have been damaging to local interests.
Following numerous failed attempts to jump start the local economy, an effort has led to the development of the hospitality industry. The most notable example of that initiative is the establishment of La Cité de l'Énergie, a theme park based on local industrial history, with a 115 metre high observation tower. Since it opened in 1997, it has attracted thousands of visitors to the area.
In 1998, Shawinigan merged with the Village Municipality of Baie-de-Shawinigan.[4]
On January 1, 2002, Shawinigan amalgamated with much of the Regional County Municipality of Le Centre-de-la-Mauricie. The following municipalities were part of the merger:
| Municipality | Year of Foundation [9] | Population (1996) [10] |
| Shawinigan [11] | 1901 | 18,678 |
| Grand-Mère [12] | 1898 | 14,223 |
| Shawinigan-Sud | 1912 | 11,804 |
| Saint-Georges-de-Champlain | 1915 | 3,929 |
| Lac-à-la-Tortue | 1895 | 3,169 |
| Saint-Gérard-des-Laurentides | 1924 [13] | 2,155 |
| Saint-Jean-des-Piles | 1897 | 693 |
The Shawinigan Cataractes of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League play out of the Centre Bionest de Shawinigan in Shawinigan. It is the only team in the league still operating in the same city of its founding.
In recent years, the church attendance of Catholics in Shawinigan has been on the decline. As a result, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trois-Rivières has had difficulties maintaining its churches and merged a number of its parishes. The Catholic churches are:
| Church | Location | Year of Foundation | Status |
| Saint-Pierre (Saint Peter) | 792, avenue Hemlock | 1901 | active |
| Saint-Marc (Saint Mark) | 1852, avenue Georges | 1911 | active |
| Sacré-Cœur (Sacred Heart) | 17, rue de l'Église, Baie-de-Shawinigan |
1911 | active |
| Saint-Bernard (Saint Bernard) | 562, 2e Rue | 1912 | inactive closed in 2005 [16] |
| Christ-Roi (Christ the King) | 1250, rue Notre-Dame | 1938 | inactive closed in 1994 demolished in 2002 [17] |
| Sainte-Croix (Holy Cross) | 2153, rue Gignac | 1949 | inactive closed in 2004 [18] |
| Saint-Charles-Garnier (Saint Charles Garnier) | 2173, avenue De la Madone | 1949 | active |
| Immaculate Heart of Mary Mission (English-speaking community) |
773, avenue de la Station | 1949 | inactive closed in 1990 |
| L’Assomption (Assumption) | 4393, boulevard Des Hêtres | 1951 | active |
| Desserte Sainte Hélène (Saint Helena Mission) | 2350, 93e Rue | 1967 | inactive closed |
The current church building for Saint-Pierre was constructed between 1908 and 1937. The structure's stained glass was designed by Italian Canadian artist Guido Nincheri between 1930 and 1961.
Members of the Baptist community attend church at Centre Évangelique de Shawinigan, located at 773, avenue de la Station.
There are eight public schools. [19] Seven of them are under the supervision of the Commission scolaire de l'Énergie school board.
| School | Level | Location | Number of Students |
| Carrefour Formation Mauricie | Vocational education | 5105, avenue Albert-Tessier | 808 |
| Centre d'éducation des adultes du Saint-Maurice | Adult education | 1092, rue Trudel | 1,353 |
| École secondaire des Chutes | Secondary | 5285, avenue Albert-Tessier | 714 |
| Immaculée-Conception (Immaculate Conception) | Elementary | 153, 8e Rue | 220 |
| Saint-Charles-Garnier (Saint Charles Garnier) | Elementary | 2265, rue Laflèche | 157 |
| Saint-Jacques (Saint James) | Elementary | 2015, rue Saint-Jacques | 220 |
| Saint-Joseph (Saint Joseph) | Elementary | 1452, rue Châteauguay | 155 |
Children who meet Charter of the French Language guidelines can attend Shawinigan High School. Its campus is located at 1125, rue des Cèdres and is affiliated to the Central Québec school Board.
Shawinigan is also home of the Séminaire Sainte-Marie, a private institution that provides the secondary curriculum and of the Collège Shawinigan: a CEGEP whose main campus is located at 2263 Avenue du Collège;
Many of the oldest streets of Shawinigan were numbered, like the streets of Manhattan, New York. Similarly, Avenue Broadway was named after the famous Manhattan thoroughfare.
Several other streets and avenues were named to honor famous people, including:
The city is home to:
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